Compelling survey of Xicanx art that has shaped visual culture over the last 50 years. Xican-a.o.x. Body centres the political and creative resistance of Xicanx artists from 1968 to the present. The publication presents new histories of Xicanx art, illustrating how artists foreground the Brown body to explore, expand, and complicate conceptions linked to Chicanx, Latinx and Xicanx experiences. The publication offers new insights into more than 50 years of Xicanx art, examining influential works by some 70 artists who highlight the Brown body as a site of resistance and who have created artistic communities that push against systemic racism and the exclusionary practices of mainstream art institutions. Thematic essays by renowned scholars address the ways in which Xicanx art lies at the intersection of the politics of identity, race and class, and interrogate questions of “high” and “low” culture.

The monograph covers the fundamentals and the consequences of extreme geophysical phenomena like asteroid impacts, climatic change, earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, flooding, and space weather. This monograph also addresses their associated, local and worldwide socio-economic impacts. The understanding and modeling of these phenomena is critical to the development of timely worldwide strategies for the prediction of natural and anthropogenic extreme events, in order to mitigate their adverse consequences. This monograph is unique in as much as it is dedicated to recent theoretical, numerical and empirical developments that aim to improve: (i) the understanding, modeling and prediction of extreme events in the geosciences, and, (ii) the quantitative evaluation of their economic consequences. The emphasis is on coupled, integrative assessment of the physical phenomena and their socio-economic impacts. With its overarching theme, Extreme Events: Observations, Modeling and Economics will be relevant to and become an important tool for researchers and practitioners in the fields of hazard and risk analysis in general, as well as to those with a special interest in climate change, atmospheric and oceanic sciences, seismo-tectonics, hydrology, and space weather.

The US Air Force, and the U.S. armed forces separate service air arms, have historically wrestled with how to apply air and space power to non-traditional forms of warfare, such as insurgency and counterinsurgency. While the airplane was used as early as 1916 in such a context in the Punitive Expedition against Francisco "Pancho" Villa, U.S. military doctrine has struggled to keep pace with the ever-evolving nature of warfare, especially with regard to air and space power's role within it. The U.S. joint community's latest development of the warfare spectrum includes insurgency and counterinsurgency under the construct of irregular warfare, delineating it from traditional war, which is characterized by conventional, state-on-state major combat operations. This monograph explores and evaluates the history of airpower doctrine in irregular warfare and assesses the current state of that doctrine, asking the question: what is the best synthesis of ideas for creating a basic and operational irregular warfare airpower doctrine? The study establishes a set of criteria for evaluating irregular warfare airpower doctrine based on analytical studies by several prominent and recent small war airpower researchers. Finally, the paper evaluates current and past irregular warfare airpower doctrine through this analytical lens, providing recommendations for the improvement of USAF and joint airpower in irregular warfare doctrine.

Recent joint force thinking has espoused effects-based operations (EBO) as an evolutionary, some say revolutionary, approach to warfare. The 2003 Joint Operations Concepts document states, "The Joint Force uses an effects-based approach." With this in mind the primary question is, Can an effects-based approach to the conduct of joint close air support (CAS) improve achievement of the supported ground commander's intent? EBO history and theory are explored as well as the current state of joint CAS doctrine, demonstrating that EBO is conceptually well documented but effects-based ideas are just recently beginning to appear in joint publications. Current CAS doctrine presents the objective-based approach to warfare prevalent in most joint and service publications. Due to the lack of historical examples of effects-based CAS operations, the thesis uses a qualitative comparison of objective- and effects-based CAS to analyze the primary question. The analysis reveals an effects-based approach can improve achievement of the supported ground commander's intent to some degree over the current approach and suggests that EBO is an evolutionary development of objective-based operations that should be formally incorporated into the conduct of joint CAS.

Poets and Prophets of the Resistance offers a ground-up history and fresh interpretation of the polarization and mobilization that brought El Salvador to the eve of civil war in 1980. Challenging the dominant narrative that university students and political dissidents primarily formed the Salvadoran guerrillas, Joaquin Chavez argues that El Salvador's socioeconomic and political crises of the 1970s fomented a groundswell of urban and peasant intellectuals who collaborated to spur larger revolutionary social movements. Drawing on new archival sources and in-depth interviews, Poets and Prophets of the Resistance contests the idea that urban militants and Roman Catholic priests influenced by Liberation Theology single-handedly organized and politicized peasant groups. Chavez shows instead how peasant intellectuals acted as political catalysts among their own communities first, particularly in the region of Chalatenango, laying the groundwork for the peasant movements that were to come. In this way, he contends, the Salvadoran insurgency emerged in a dialogue between urban and peasant intellectuals working together to create and execute a common revolutionary strategy-one that drew on cultures of resistance deeply rooted in the country's history, poetry, and religion. Focusing on this cross-pollination, this book introduces the idea that a "pedagogy of revolution" originated in this historical alliance between urban and peasant, making use of secular and Catholic pedagogies such as radio schools, literacy programs, and rural cooperatives. This pedagogy became more and more radicalized over time as it pushed back against the increasingly repressive structures of 1970s El Salvador. Teasing out the roles of little-known groups such as the politically active "La Masacuata" literary movement, the contributions of Catholic Action intellectuals to the New Left, and the overlooked efforts of peasant leaders, Poets and Prophets of the Resistance demonstrates how trans-class political and cultural interactions drove the revolutionary mobilizations that anticipated the Salvadoran civil war.

La mayor parte de especies de plantas del bosque tropical seco son caducifolias durante la estacion seca, debido a los efectos adversos de la prolongada sequia (finales de noviembre a abril). Sin embargo, existe un grupo de especies que presenta un patron fenologico inverso al anterior: producen hojas, flores y frutos durante la epoca seca y pierden sus hojas durante la epoca lluviosa. En Costa Rica, la unica especie con fenologia inversa es el arbusto freatofitico de sotobosque Jacquinia nervosa (Theophrastaceae), el cual se encuentra restringido a la provincia de Guanacaste, en el norte del pais. En este estudio, se evaluo el efecto de la variacion estacional en la disponibilidad de luz, medida como densidad de flujo fotonico (DFF), como posible factor proximal en la fenologia de J. nervosa, y el efecto de la presion de herbivoria como posible causa evolutiva. Los resultados indican que la fenologia de J. nervosa representa una adaptacion para explotar la mayor disponibilidad de luz directa durante la epoca seca pero no un escape temporal de la herbivoria."